Map - The Introduction Of A Map

Map - The Introduction Of A Map - is the depiction of two dimensions on a flat field of part or all of the Earth's surface is seen from above and reduced or enlarged by comparison. Map needed for the purposes of land navigation is a topographic map or map contours. Topographic map to map a place a place on the Earth's surface from sea level into a form of contour lines, with one contour lines, represent one height.

In a Map divided and is composed of several parts, the parts of the map, i.e.:

The Title Of The Map,

The Map Coordinates,

• Is a pointer to a certain height (on a map usually listed the value of height) and
• Contour lines with lower elevation contour line surrounding the always higher, except for the special fields such as the crater
• Contour lines never intersect each other
• The height difference between the two contour lines is fixed, although the density varies
• Flat areas have caused a contour, while the rugged region has a dense contour
• The ridge of the mountain/Hill visible in the map as a series of contour the shape of the letter "U" that curved edges pointing away from the Summit
• The Valley is visible on the map as a series of "V"-shaped contours which end sharply and are set to peak
• 1:25,000 means a distance of 1 cm on the map represents 25,000 cm distance is actually
• 1:50,000 means a distance of 1 cm on the map represent the actual distance 50,000 cm

The location indicated by the map in question. The title of the Map is listed at the top of the middle of the Map

Map Tittle

Number Of Maps,

Number map is the registration number of the Mapmakers as a guide when we need another map of the area around the mapped area. Number of the map next to the top right of the map

The coordinate is the position of a point on a map Coordinate System axis that is specified with the lines that intersect each other perpendicular (longitude and latitude). The coordinate system knows the numbering with the number 4 or 6 numbers. For a vast area used numbering 4 numbers, and for a more narrow area with 6 digit numbers.

Contours,

Is the imaginary line connecting the dots of the same height from the sea level.  Contour line properties, among others:

The Scale Of The Map,

Is a comparison between the distances on the map with a horizontal distance in the field.

Example:

The Year Of The Map,

Indicate the year of manufacture of the map. The new year is getting Map data on the map is more accurate

The Legend Of The Map,

Contains information on the map. For example, roads, streams, settlements, etc.

Compass - ' Ground Navigation '

Compass - ' Ground Navigation ' - is a tool of the signposts. The compass itself is already known since 900 years ago is proven by discovering the ancient compass used Chinese fighters around the year 1100 m. due to the nature of the magnetic traits. then the needle compass always points north and South direction (if it is not affected by the existence of the other magnet styles besides the earth magnet).

a Compass

The direction of the Compass needle is the magnetic north pole of the Earth that is located does not coincide with the Earth's the North Pole, roughly Northern Boothia peninsula in Canada, about 1400 miles or about 2250 km. But for the purposes of practical, North of the map, the compass and the North actually North/magnetic are considered equal.

According to usability and functionality the compass is grouped into three types, namely:

1. Orientation Compass , i.e. the type of Compass used for orientation on a journey (orienteering). For example, silva compass .
2. Viewfinder Compass , i.e. the Viewfinder used to snap the object as well as the direction we will go through. For Example, Prism Compass
3. Geological compass, i.e. compass used to determine the direction and slope of the geological work.

Compass Parts include:

Geological Compass

1. Agency/Body Compass i.e. the place of the attached to components of the compass.
2. The Compass needle always pointed North-South position, however (with the proviso is not affected by magnetic fields and the needles are not obstructed cycle all its.)
3. The compass scale, showing the Division of the degree system of the eye of the wind.

How To Use Compass:

• The use of the compass is in principle the most important note is the compass should horizontal, then reading the scale of the map through the line of fisir, while in Compass orienteering (e.g. compass silva) is most important to note is the Northern Compass must be parallel to the North of the map.

Error factors in the corner reading the compass causes of this error include:

1. Because of the collision with hard objects.
2. The liquid contained in the compass jar freezes (times or weather influence), so that the compass needle or disc does not move freely.
3. There was an error index i.e. a pointer compass readings scale index is not a straight line with signposts reading.
4. The line of the signposts reading is not a straight line with pisir/hairline a sharp object.

Things to look for in-use of the Compass:

1. Turn away from objects that contain a metal such as gold/machetes, knives, scissors, Victorinox, etc.
2. Keep away from electronic items such as watches, TV, walkman, etc.
3. Fellow compass banned each other

Techniques Use Compass

• Before entering on a map, compass needs to know is the Azimuth and Back azimuth. Azimuth is the angle between the magnetic poles of the Earth against targets (corner of the compass) WhileBack Azimuth is the opposite of the Azimuth.

How to practice as follows: If the Azimuth < 180 ° then Back Azimuth = + 180 ° If the Azimuth Azimuth > 180 ° then Back Azimuth =-180 ° Azimuth to facilitate viewing angle on a map can use protractor (Protractor) example protractor (square): 

Navigation Skills

Activities in the wild is an activity that is fun, as we can see, enjoy, admire and learn about the natural creation of God Almighty. Reason do in wild activities, among others, as a means of sport (sport), the craze (hobby), education (education), research

(research), training (training) or just relax (refreshing) to enjoy the beauty of nature. These activities vary greatly depending on the objective, among others, mountain climbing, rock climbing (rock climbing), searches of caves (caving), rafting (rafting), diving (diving), surfing (surfing) or practice/

a practical field in the wild.

Image by Google

Things to be aware of before doing activities in the wild is preparation and planning activities, including the preparation of mature tools/supplies, health, and physical condition, the cost for activities and information about the location, path, terrain, and weather. No matter where we are headed, location whatever type of terrain traversed is, how bad the weather is encountered or how big the obstacles that come up, is not an issue which means if provided with preparation and careful planning. On the contrary when not prepared and planned in ripe, then it would cause an emergency condition so that the force we have to survive (survival) before getting help or get out of the situation and conditions is not expected. Knowledge of survival is very necessary for the ordinary activity in the wild as a "weapon" that can be used at a time when hard-pressed facing emergency conditions.

LAND NAVIGATION

Navigation is the determination of the position of  travel destinations, either on the field or on the travel map. The navigation consists of ground navigation, rivers, beaches and the sea, but the common used is ground navigation. Land navigation is the study of how someone specifies the place and provides shadow

the terrain, both the State of the surface as well as the landscapes of Earth with the help of at least a map and compass. Land navigation in the field work fundamentally is the starting point of travel (intersection and resection), mark fields, the direction of the compass, estimate distances, terrain orientation, and terrain conditions, changes in the resection and knows height somewhere.

• Navigation tools consist of:

1. Compass is a tool to determine the wind direction based on the nature of the magnetic pole

the Earth. The main wind direction could be determined is N (north), S (south), E (east) and W (west), as well as other wind direction i.e. NE (northeast), SE (southeast), SW (southwest) and NW (Northwest).

The type of Compass commonly used are the compass, compass orientation and sylva compasses viewfinder/Prism.

2. Altimeter is a tool to determine the height of a place based on the difference in air pressure.

3. The map is an overview of some of the Earth's entire surface/on form two-dimensional by comparison to a certain scale.

4. Types of the map consist of technical maps, topographic maps, and map overview/geography/region. Parts of the map include title, number, coordinates, scale, contour, year of manufacture, the legend, and the magnetic declination.

5. GPS (Global Positioning System) is a radio-navigation system which consists of several global satellite and ground stations. Its function is to determine the location,

Navigation (specify one location towards another location), tracking (monitoring the movements of a person/object), make a map across the Earth's surface and determine the right time available anywhere.

2. Determine direction without navigation tool in addition to using the navigation tools, we can also determine the direction of the wind with the signs of natural and artificial,IE:

1. The signs of nature, namely the Sun, Moon and constellations

2. artificial signs namely mosques, graveyards and make your own compass from a magnet razor blade/needle and placed on the surface of the water

3. Flora and fauna: the more dense tree Canopies is usually located in the West of the moss Parmelia sp. and

Politrichum spp. normally live better (dense) in the western part of the forest of pandanus Plants trees usually tend to skew to the

NE Ant/insect is usually located on the West side of trees

3. Preventing and tackling the State lost

Getting lost is the loss of orientation, not knowing the actual position and the direction that will be targeted. It is usually caused due to walking at night, not quite often use a map and compass in his journey, not knowing the start point of the Chair on the map and do cut the compass.

things that can be done to prevent getting lost among other things:

Always report to officers or the person who is believed to have about the travel destination, the length and number of members

join the remember the circumstances surrounding the trip based on the five senses owned Remains are on track there has been giving instructions at each intersection of Note the striking objects such as springs, Hill, river or mountain walks never look toward the back, remember the line when viewed from the opposite direction Learn properly the navigation tools that brought use the compass before stray learn to read the signs of nature to determine the direction of the eye of the wind never trusts in full to others including to leader.

Guidelines which could be used if getting lost is S T O P, namely:

S = Seating, stop and rest at ease, relieve the panic

T = Thinking, clear thinking (logical) in a situation that is being faced

O = Observation, doing observation/observation of terrain at the site around, and then determine the direction and the signs of nature which can be utilized or that must be avoided

P = Planning, create a plan and think of the consequences when you've decided on something you will do things that can be done to

• Tackling State of the lost are:

1. make a shelter (shelter) from danger or bad weather

2. Stay calm, not panic, think clearly and try to remember the travel lane

3. Orientation can be facilitated by heading a high/tree climbing

4. use a compass and a map (navigation tool) or natural indicators

5. create the instructions to make the other person look for our existence, for example, by writing, whistle, smoke, x-rays or a shout

6. Keep it together with the group in any condition

7. Capitalize on the situation by waiting for reinforcements,